Censorship Of Children And The Art Industry - 1488 Words

Censorship in children s cartoons is something that has a largely negative effect both on children and the art industry as a whole. Censorship can push itself on any number of topics: on violence, on love, on lgbt visibility, and on death. Censoring these scenes only serves to negate the sense of seriousness given to an issue. For instance, if you take away the possibility of a character getting injured or dying during a conflict, you lower the stakes, thus making whatever plot progression may be occurring unimportant, inconsequential even. This kind of censorship can ruin the entire point of a story, or even leave plot holes in its storyline. Censorship like this is especially prevalent in cartoons when being aired outside of their original country. Much of censorship takes place prior to episodes even being produced. For example, popular cartoon Adventure Time has been forced to keep its depiction of Princess Bubblegum and Marceline’s relationship less than explicit (Ewart, 2015). Princess Bubblegum and Marceline are two female characters who support the main character, Finn, on his adventures. The show established early on in the series that, although they have an antagonistic relationship now, they used to be very close. The creator, despite having confirmed their relationship to have been a romantic one, has had to play this down in-series due to the fact that the show is aired in countries where homosexuality is illegal. Nickelodeon’s The Legend of Korra faced aShow MoreRelatedCensorship in the Media Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthe term censorship have been changed and manipulated very much over the years. Television and movie ratings have become more lenient against violence and indiscretion because these things are now seen as entertainment. Is this appropriate for our youth? Should children be exposed to these images so early on? How does censorship in the media affect adolescents? Children are the future of our society and need to have some understanding of real world occurrences. Ultimately, censorship can onlyRead MoreFreedom of Expression is Ensured in India1473 Words   |  6 Pagesforms of art and expression. This arises from the instant appeal of the motion picture, its versatility, realism (often surrealism), and its coordination of the visual and aural senses. The art of the cameraman, with trick photography Vistavision and three-dimensional representation thrown in, has made the cinema picture more true to life than even the theatre or indeed any other form of representative art. The motion picture is able to stir up emotions more deeply than any other product of art. ItsRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Music Industry1555 Words   |  7 Pagespeople that censoring music on the radio and CDs is not a right thing as censorship can hide a meaning of the song. There are a lot of different factors why many people want their songs to be the way that the songwriter writes them. But these people us ually forget that there are many more factors why songs should be censored. On the other hand, people want songs to be Ã' ensored because uncensored music can highly affect young children, limit the exposure of people s morality and some people want musicRead MoreCensorship of Music: Limiting One’s Rights Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesMusic has been under scrutiny on behalf of censorship for decades. Censorship is defined as an authorization to examine material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. Lyrics are essential to nearly everything in music; its poems, ballads, monologues, etc. They may take the form of actual spoken or sung sounds or of written words, as literature does. Without the musical component, you’re left with literature and words; this leavesRead MoreEssay about Television Censorship1601 Words   |  7 Pages Television Censorship WHAT IS CENSORSHIP? quot;Censorship is the supervision and control of the information and ideas that are circulated among the people within a society. In modern times, censorship refers to the examination of books, periodicals, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other communication media for the purpose of altering or suppressing parts thought to be objectionable or offensive. The objectionable material may be considered immoral or obscene, hereticalRead MoreReal Monsters : Tackling The Beast Of Censorship1680 Words   |  7 PagesMONSTERS: Tackling the Beast of Censorship As a seven year old I stumbled across a trailer for a new horror movie. I can’t remember the title, and I can’t remember the story, but to this day when it’s late at night and the house is silent I can sometimes hear the click click click of the creature’s long nails on my window. The things you see as a child can stay with you, as the monster did with me, so it’s no surprise that there is a such controversy over the topic of censorship in the media. UltimatelyRead MoreCensorship is a Personal Decision Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesCensorship is a Personal Decision One mans vulgarity is anothers lyric. Justice John M. Harlan, Cohen v. California (1971) It is probably no accident that freedom of speech is the first freedom mentioned in the First Amendment: Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The Constitutions framers believed that freedom of inquiry and libertyRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of Music1544 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s music, otherwise known as, censorships. A crisis has emerged concerning the issue of censorship. This argument consists of two possible stances: one, supporting the continuation of censorship, and two, eliminating the status quo of censorships in the music industry. There have been countless debates and arguments regarding the issues of censorship ever since the U.S. Congress passed the Radio Act in 1927 (The History). The time has arrived for censorship to be brought to an end. The governmentRead More First Amendment And Music Censorship Essay1284 W ords   |  6 Pagesof the art form known as music. Musics verbal expression bonds our society through our emotions and experiences. This fundamental right of freedom of expression is being threatened by public and governmental groups who believe they have authority to monitor and decide what others should experience. The censorship of music lyrics is a violation of our First Amendment right, and public groups should not be allowed to bypass this right to censor obscene lyrics produced in the music industry. ThroughRead MoreThe Need for Censorship in the Media Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe Need for Censorship in the Media Censorship is the cuts and remakes of media mainly movies. Censorship is usually when obscene scenes and actions have been removed from a piece of media. Censorship has been around for a long time, censorship is supposed to protect us from the things which happen in media for example movies which contain horror, sex or violence. Censorship is said by the government to help us because it cuts out scenes which may mentally affect

Antimicrobial Bacteria Case Study - 853 Words

The high level of resistance to antimicrobial drugs among bacteria colonizing commercial livestock has raised concerns about the significance to human health of such resistance. The transmissibility of resistant organisms from animal to human hosts has been fundamental to this concern. Kathy Parsonnet and Edward Kass, conducted a study on women who compared Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the rate of contracting the disease. Parsonnet and Kass studied about seven hundred and fifty women from a meat production facility. The average number of antibiotic infused meat handled per shift by each worker was one thousand. In addition to repeated contact by the handling of the meat carcasses, the hands and arms of the women came into frequent†¦show more content†¦According to Parsonnet and Kass, â€Å"about 60 percent of all human diseases and 75 percent of all emerging infectious diseases are caused by animals.† For example, both the H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 avian flu pandemics of 2009 originated from slaughterhouse workers contracting the disease from infected farm animals. (Parsonnet Kass, 1987). Maya Nadimpalli et. al., professors at North Carolina University, recently associated links between livestock raised on antibiotics and the bacteria MRSA. The study, conducted in 2012, focused on one hundred and fifty workers employed at factory farms that used antibiotics and one hundred and fifty workers at factory farms who did not use antibiotics. Nadimpalli et. al. found that the factory farms who used antibiotics, â€Å"had 45% higher rates with MDRSA found in their airways† than the workers at antibiotic-free farms. For this study, Nadimpalli et. al. swabbed the nasal cavities of the three hundred workers and cultured the staph bacteria. As a whole, the two group of workers related similarly in the rates of non-resistant staph, at about â€Å"22 percent, 33/150 workers† but colonies of MRSA, resistant to several different drugs typically used as treatment, were present in â€Å"80 percent of workers at industrial farms, with 120 workers infected, compared to 19 percent of workers, 28 workers at farms that didn’t useShow MoreRelatedAntimicrobial Resistance And Its Effects On Humans And Animals1471 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Antimicrobial agents have been used for the past seventy years to treat infectious diseases in humans and animals. They have revolutionized the face of medicine extending human lifespan and enabling worldwide breakthroughs including safer childbirth, surgeries and organ transplants (2). However, the unnatural selective pressure of antimicrobials on microorganisms has resulted in microbial evolution consequently, leading to these agents losing their effectiveness against microbes asRead MoreAntibiotic Therapy For Treatment And Prevention Of A Bacterial Infection1579 Words   |  7 PagesAntibiotic, or antimicrobial medication is used for treatment and prevention of a bacterial infection, which may inhibit or kill the growth of the microorganism. (1) These medications are used for two correlating therapies: empirical therapy and definitive antibiotic therapy. (1, 2) Empirical therapy is used for patients who have a proven or suspected infection in their body but the specific bacteria has not been identified. (2) During empirical therapy, an individual is given a broad-spectrum antibioticRead MoreDetermine Disinfectant and Antiseptic Effectiveness Using Zone Inhibition Method1265 Words   |  6 PagesPrepared for: By: Date: Introduction Page: Abstract This study is to examine the effects of different types of disinfectants by disk diffusion method using common agents such as Betadine, Clorox, Crest, Kiss My Face, Listerine, and Lysol. Wound care and general cleaning of home surfaces is a part of daily activity for many of the general population. Knowing which agents are effective against the bacteria that most commonly cause infection, disease, and illness allows educated decisionsRead MoreSop Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesI am writing to apply for the position of PhD fellowship in Discovery of novel natural antimicrobials. I am from Brazil and I have just obtained a Masters Degree in Microbiology by the Federal University of Vià §osa (UFV), here in my country. Currently I am revising some data to submit a paper from my dissertation. This PhD project has undeniable prestige abroad and valuable university and partner where I could work with genetics, physiology and bioinformatics in one topic that I can see differentRead MoreThe Respiratory Disease ( Brd ) Is An Economically Important Disease Of Feedlot Cattle998 Words   |  4 Pagescommonly associated with BRD. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of 58 H. somni isolates collected from 2012 to 2015 from clinical cases of BRD will be compared to 31 isolates from 1980’s to investigate if resistance has changed since that time. Genes responsible for resistance in H. somni will be analyzed and genetic relatedness of old and new isolates will be determined. Copper and zinc use in feed is found to be responsible for antibiotic resistance in other bacteria. We are suspecting similar phenomenonRead MoreBusiness Case For Installing Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces1682 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Case for Installing Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces in the ICU Vishruti Pandya Introduction/Background Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) are infections that are caused by a wide variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses during the course of receiving medical treatment or surgical procedures in a health care facility. Bacterial contamination on various surfaces in the patient s environment, such as door handles, tables, intravenous (IV) poles, bed rails, or sinks, can be a source of transmissionRead MoreEffects of Antimicrobial Use in Concetrated Animal Feeding Operations1473 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The development and dissemination of bacterial resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporin antimicrobials is of significant importance to public health and domestic livestock production alike. The World Health Organization recognizes the extended-spectrum cephalosporin antimicrobials as â€Å"critically important† and their use in food animal production is coming under increasing scrutiny (1). Reports of recovery of blaCMY-2 and blaCTX-M resistance genes in bacterial isolates from U.S. livestockRead MoreEscherichia Coli ( Coli ) For Antimicrobial Resistance Genes1523 Words   |  7 PagesFor Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Hetvi .B. Patel Harper College ABSTRACT This essay reviews a basic microbiological research project that focused on identifying pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) from the poultry industry in a developing country such as Romania. The research methodology, results and its practical applications are discussed. 51 isolates of E. coli were taken from various samples of raw poultry meat and tested for eleven specific antimicrobial resistanceRead MoreBackground And Context. In Clinical Practice, Honey Dressings1646 Words   |  7 Pagesto suggest that there is little good quality evidence to suggest that honey, among other advanced antimicrobial dressings, is the best option for chronic wound management despite its frequent usage. Antimicrobial resistance is a growing, global problem (World health organisation [WHO], 2016) that has resulted in action from the Department of Health [DH], (2013). in the form of a five year Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Strategy. The AMR strategy running 2013-2018 aims to build international alliancesRead MoreS. Aureus Research Paper1292 Words   |  6 Pages 1998). Most cases of nosocomial (hospital acquired) infection are acquired through exposure to the hands of health care workers after they have been transiently colonized with staphylococci from their own reservoir or from contact with an infected patient (Lowy, 1998). Exposures to a single long-term carrier or environmental sources are also possible sources of S. aureus outbreaks, but these modes of transmission are less common. Since their discovery, antimicrobial drugs have proven remarkably

Pratyogita Darpan Essay Example For Students

Pratyogita Darpan Essay To Our Readers Dear Readers, WHERE EXCELLENCE GUIDES THE SUCCESS Year 4 Issue 45 March 2010 EDITOR Mahendra Jain REGISTERED OFFICE 2/11-A, Swadeshi Bima Nagar Agra–282 002 ADMINISTRATIVE AND EDITORIAL OFFICE 1, State Bank Colony Opp. Van Chetna Kendra Agra-Mathura Bye pass, Agra–282 005 Tel. : 2531101, 2530966, 4053333 Fax : (0562) 4031570, 4053330 Website : www. pdgroup. in E-mail : [emailprotected] in It gives us great pleasure and a sense of satisfaction in presenting to you the March Issue of your favourite and frontline magazine ‘Pratiyogita Darpan’. As usual, this issue of the magazine also contains useful examination-oriented reading material. It is due to the painstaking efforts of our learned authors that this issue has been made so useful for all the competitive examinations. Those of you who read it intelligently and with clear understanding will reap good harvest in any competitive examination for which this magazine is meant. We have made the process of preparing the issues of the magazine totally readers-oriented. For this we keep ourselves in constant touch with the toppers and other successful candidates of various competitive examinations to know their views and suggestions for improvement. This process encourages us to model the issues according to their needs and demands. A number of core articles on important world events contributed by reputed and well informed authors are given in this issue. Some of the important and representative articles are : Indo-Bangladesh Relations : New Beginning, Iranian Impasse, Sino-India Relation : Moving Up and Down, Corporate Governance in India etc. The most important section of the magazine contains a number of question papers selected from various competitive examinations. These are fully solv ed with relevant hints and explanations. All efforts are made to give their error free solutions. This reliability makes the magazine unparalleled and a class by itself in its field. We assure you that an intelligent study and practice of these papers will be highly useful in solving objective questions in any future examination. Our column ‘Compendium’ is yet another tool for such help and is getting wide appreciation from our readers. Pratiyogita Darpan meets all your requirements and is widely claimed as second to none in its field. It covers all competitive examinations for which it is meant. Hardwork under proper guidance, constant practice and revision are essential ingredients of success in any examination. P. D. gives all that is necessary f or your success. DELHI OFFICE 4845, Ansari Road Daryaganj, New-Delhi–2 Tel. : 23251844, 23251866 Read Pratiyogita Darpan regularly and intelligently. It gives you the power to master your career and shape your destiny. With best wishes for your success and bright future. Sincerely yours, MAHENDRA JAIN (Editor) All rights reserved. No part of this Magazine may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, Electronic, Mechanical, Photocopying, Recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of the information published in this edition, neither publisher nor any of its employees accept any responsibility for any error or omission. Articles that cannot be used are returned to the authors if accompanied by a self addressed and sufficiently stamped envelope. But no responsibility is taken for any loss or delay in returning the material. Pratiyogita Darpan assumes no responsibility for statements and opinions advanced by the authors nor for any claims made in the advertisements published in the Magazine. PD/March/2010/1542 Year 4 Issue 45 March 2010 International Relations Article 1626 India-Russia : A Time Tested Strategic Partnership Regulars 1542 To Our Readers 1545 Editorial Vividha 1629 Compendium State : At a Glance 1632 Union Territory : Puducherry News Events 1547 1556 1561 1566 1579 1584 1587 1589 Nation this Month World this Month Regional News National and International Updates Annual Report : 2008-09 1634 Progress and Initiatives in New and Renewable Energy Sector : In a Nutshell Current Affairs Sports World Science and Technology Memorable Points Economic Scenario Profile : International Organisation 1637 United Nations Organisation (UNO) 1640 Current Questionnaire 1642 Trade and Industry Career News 1597 Employment and Career News 1599 Forthcoming Competitive Examinations Question Papers Optional Papers 1643 U. P. PCS Combined State/Lower Subordinate Services Special (Pre. ) Exam. , 2008 : Political Science 1650 Trained Graduate Teachers Exam. , 2009 : Agriculture World Panorama Indo-Bangladesh Relations : New Beginning 1602 (ii) Iranian Impasse 1605 (iii) Sino-India Relation : Moving Up and Down 1600 (i) Other Papers 1657 U. P. PCS (Pre. ) Exam. , 2009 : General Studies 1667 Bank of Maharashtra Agriculture Officers Exam. , 2009 : General Awareness 1671 Tamil Nadu P. S. C. (Pre. ) Exam. , 2009 : General Knowledge 1683 Oriental Bank of Commerce P. O. Exam. , 2009 : Quantitative Aptitude 1687 United India Insurance Co. Administrative Officers Exam. , 2009 : Reasoning Ability Personality Development 1607 Failures are Stepping Stones of Success Inspiring Youth : Interview 1609 Sachin Kumar Singh Topper—Uttar Pradesh PCS, 2006 (1st rank) Articles Economics Article 1611 Corporate Governance in India Your Pages 1694 Essay Contest 1696 Debate Contest 1699 Results 1700 Concentric Quiz 1703 Test Your Knowledge 1705 Semi-Annual Sports Special Indian Economy Article 1615 Medical Tourism and Economic Growth : Perspective of India Commerce Article 1618 Financial Inclusion in India : An Analysis Sociological Article 1623 Child Labour : A Complex Problem PD/March/2010/1543 Editorial HEAR THE WHISPERS OF NATURE The best cure for all our ills in life is the living in full harmony with Nature. While the prolonged interaction with human beings may be boring and fatiguing, interaction with Nature, watching its scenes and sights, observing the various activities of the flora and fauna are refreshing and invigorating to the human soul. Nature teaches us as nothing else can. As Wordsworth says, â€Å"One impulse from vernal wood may teach you more†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦than all the sages can. † There is music in Nature which a sensitive ear can well hear. Even the silence in Nature teaches us very precious lessons. Return to Nature, if you wish to lead a healthy and happy life. Hear the whispers of nature with a sensitive soul and a finer sense of perception. All good is hidden in Nature. All that we need to do is to respond to what it messages to us in silence. We get delighted and feel fresh in the crowd of trees, and feel depressed and uneasy in a crowd of men. We like to live with the trees as long as possible, but want to get away from the crowd at the earliest moment. Trees are really our dear companions. As a matter of fact, the dust-free open atmosphere is very bracing. Who won’t long to be in the lap of nature ? The forests, trees, plants with their fragrance-spreading and multi coloured flowers and the ripe sweet-smelling fruits hanging from their branches are soothing to the eyes and instill in us a sense of health and vigour. The melodious musical voices of the birds on the trees pour nectar into our ears, which we never want to part with. It seems that the company of nature in general and of the trees in particular, is nearer to man than the company of his counterparts. Premchand, the celebrated Hindi novelist, has written somewhere that idealism in literature has the same place as the open space of nature in life. When we get sick of the suffocating atmosphere of the city life, we go out in the open air to relieve boredom of life. When we are sick of reading the painful and hard realities of life, we take recourse to some sort of idealism which takes the reader to a higher plane of consciousness. Enjoyment of poetry takes the reader beyond the bonds of ‘I’ and I’ness. Nature is the art of God, and it was she who gave birth to art, as the great thinker philosophers Aristotle and Plato defined â€Å"art as nothing but nature’s imitation. † Even today painters and poets get new ideas from nature. As William Shakespeare wrote in one of his dramas—â€Å"that the poem hangs on the berry bush, when comes the poet’s eye. The seven notes of music are based on and named after the different melodies in the realm of nature. † Every event in natures takes place under a law and all movements are rhythmic. The branch of scientific knowledge known as physics is but an humble effort of bringing to light the laws of nature. The codes of human conduct were made so that the man could live in harmony with nature. Nature is a lesson in discipline, she teaches men how to lead a disciplined life and round up his or her angularities so that human life be made a school of development, progress and evolution. For example, the cycle of seasons follows a definite time table and there is no possibility for acts of commission and omission. The sun and the moon come and go under a certain mathematical rule. Don’t they point out to us the important place of regularity and punctuality ? Those who have missed their trains by being late a minute, will realize the value of punctuality. Have we ever thought what would happen in case some day the sun did not appear at the scheduled time, or the eclipse continued longer than scheduled ? There is no vacuum or fraud in nature. The law of cause and effect and as you sow, so you reap works incessantly and unhampered in nature. We complain of disturbances and irregularities of weather. We also see that weather forecasts prove wrong quite often. The reason therefor is obvious. Men have polluted the whole atmosphere by his indiscriminate actions and thoughts. The immutable law of cause and effect is there to tell us the untoward effects produced by thoughts of deceit, malice, jealousy and enmity. Men must learn to follow the rules of conduct which have been drafted under the inspiration of the laws of nature. You must know that nature is the unfathomable ocean of inexhaustible knowledge and the repository of wisdom. To those, who have ears to hear, every leaf has something to give and every particle of dust has the potency of releasing immense energy. As the great scientist and propounder of the Theory of Special Relativity writes that â€Å"to get the best out of himself and inspiration from nature one has to develop the inner man in obedience to the laws of nature and follow her dictates. † The waves of the sea dash against the projecting rock day and night and scatter away. The rock teaches us the lesson to remain firm at the place of your duty and assignment. The difficulties will dash and scatter like the waves of the raging sea. Have faith in nature and confidence in yourself, hear the message which nature gives in its silent voice, you will get the desired direction to follow to achieve success. P. Darpan PD/March/2010/1545 â€Å"The heart has its reasons of which reason knows nothing. † ESSAY COMPETITION Topic : Last Date : Prizes : Changing Hues of Modern International Politics March 25, 2010 Ist : Rs. 600/- , IInd : Rs. 500/- , IIIrd : Rs. 400/- New Subscription Rates PRATIYOGITA DARPAN One Copy One Year By Ordinary Post By Registered Post Two Years By Ordinary Post By Registered Post Rs. 50/- DEBATE COMPETITION Topic : Economic Globalisation is a Threat to National Sovereignty Last Date : March 25, 2010 Prizes : Rs. 500/- Each (For 5 best entries) Rs. 450/Rs. 680/Rs. 810/Rs. 1260/- Rules and Regulations : ? ? Participation is open to students and competitors only. Only one complete and consolidated entry on essay or debate competition will be accepted from one participant. Writings on essays and debates should be strictly to the point and in simple, intelligible but forceful language. Essays and Debates should be written in own hand and should be duly signed by the candidate. Printed and unsigned entries will not be accepted. Irrelevant details are to be avoided at all costs. The Essay/Debate should not exceed a word limit of 1500. The Essay/Debate accompanied by a passport sized photograph must be sent by mail or courier. The selection committee will decide best entries and they will be awarded. The winners in Essay Contest will also receive an award certificate from Pratiyogita Darpan. The prize winning entries will be published in the forthcoming issues of Pratiyogita Darpan. 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MEMORY RETENTION CONTEST Win Attractive Prizes : Are you appearing or want to appear in States’ Civil Services Exams. , SSC Combined Examination, Banking Service Exam. , Indian Insurance Corporation’s Administrative Officers Exam. Forest Service, Sub-Inspector, Hindi Translator, M. B. A. , CPMT, CBSE, B. Ed. Entrance Exam. , Railway etc. ? If Yes ! then you can win attractive prizes. What you have just to do is to send to us the questions, along with the answers, asked in objective type papers—based on your memory. We will include all the entries and will reward the persons whose answers are found to be most correct. (i) The first three participants who will send the most correct answers will get Rs. 200, 100 and 60 respectively. (ii) Less than 75% correct answers will not deserve any prize from us. PRATIYOGITA DARPAN 2/11A, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA-2 Phone : 4053333, 2530966, 2531101 Fax : (0562) 4053330, 4031570 MEMORY RETENTION CONTEST Pratiyogita Darpan 2/11 A, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, Agra-2 PD/March/2010/1546 India, Japan to Develop Solar City ? ? officers of the lower courts who are bound by service rules to declare assets. The bench dismissed the plea of the Supreme Court, which had vehemently opposed bringing CJI’s office within the purview of the Act on the ground that it could encroach into its judicial independence. Centre gives in-principle nod to 34 cities. Both sides agreed to strengthen cooperation for promoting renewable energy. A Japanese delegation led by Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications, Kazuhiro Hargguchi on January 6, 2010 met the Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy Farooq Abdullah and decided to jointly develop a solar city in India. During the bilateral meeting both sides discussed various aspects of cooperation between the two countries in the field of renewable energy. The solar city project aims at reducing a minimum of 10 per cent of its projected demand of conventional energy at the end of five years through energy efficiency measures and generation from renewable energy installations. The Union Government has so far given in-principle approval to 34 cities to be developed as solar cities. Japan is keen on promoting ‘Midori no Bunken’ which aims at changing centralised society to communitybased society to enhance self-sufficiency within a region through maximising national resources, including forest, sea, food and energy, with emphasis on not relying on electricity generated by other methods. It focusses on renewable energy such as solar, wind, micro hydro and biomass energy. The two sides also agreed to strengthen cooperation in research and development for promoting renewable energy. As part of the exchange programme, a 10-member delegation from India participated in the Japan-India New and Renewable Energy Seminar in Tokyo. How it Happened Nov. 7, 2007 : Hindustan Times report appears pointing out that judges are unwilling to declare assets Nov. 11, 2007 : Provoked by HT story, S. C. Aggarwal files an RTI application seeking details of judges’ wealth Nov. 0, 2007 : Supreme Court refuses to provide the information, says chief justice is not covered by RTI March 5, 2008 : Aggarwal approaches Central Information Commissioner. Jan. 6, 2009 : The commission directs Supreme Court to disclose the information. Jan. 16, 2009 : SC moves Delhi High Court against CIC order Sep. 2, 2009 : Single bench of High Court rules in favour of CIC Oct. 5, 2009 : SC challenges single b ench verdict before a larger HC bench. Jan. 12, 2010 : Larger bench again rules the chief justice is covered by RTI Top Judge Covered by RTI : Court In a path breaking judgement, the Delhi High Court in the second week of January, 2010 held that the office of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) came within the ambit of the Right to Information Act and rejected a Supreme Court appeal saying judicial independence is not a judge’s personal privilege but a responsibility cast upon him. The 88-page verdict was seen as a personal setback to Chief Justice of India K. G. Balakrishnan, who has consistently been maintaining that his office does not come under the transparency law and hence cannot part with information like disclosure of judges’ assets under it. Judicial independence is not the personal privilege or prerogative of the individual judge. It is the responsibility imposed on each judge to enable him or her to adjudicate a dispute honestly and impartially on the basis of law and the evidence,† it said. The High Court verdict came on an appeal filed by the Supreme Court, which challenged the order of a single jud ge of the High Court on September 2, 2009 holding that the CJI is a public authority and his office came within the purview of the Right to Information Act. Prime Minister Launches ‘Solar India’ Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on January 11, 2010 launched the Jawahar Lal National Solar Mission. It may be recalled that the Union Cabinet had given its nod on November 19, 2009 for the establishment of Jawahar Lal Nehru National Solar Mission that aims at adding 20,000 MW of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh power in India by with Minister of New and Renewable 2020. It was the first Energy Farooq Abdullah at the Solar Energy Conclave 2010, in New Delhi of the eight missions on Jan. 17. to be established for fighting the climate change problem. CJI a Public Authority Holding that CJI is a public authority under the Act, a full bench headed by Chief Justice A. P. Shah said that judges of the Superior courts should make public their assets as they are not less accountable than the judicial PD/March/2010/1547 â€Å"Silence is argument carried out by other means. † Launching the Mission, the Prime Minister called for creation of ‘solar valleys’ in India akin to silicon valleys, as a contribution to the national as well as global efforts at combating climate change. He termed the industry’s role in the mission critical and revealed that the mission planned to create an installed capacity of 20,000 MW by the end of the 13th Plan. â€Å"If the mission is to become a reality, we will have to create many solar valleys on the lines of the Silicon Valleys that are spurring our IT industry across the country,† the Prime Minister said. Noting that these valleys would become hubs for solar science, engineering and research and fabrication and manufacturing he urged the industry to see the mission as a huge business opportunity. The Prime Minister was addressing 900 delegates at the Solar Energy Conclave 2010, organised by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). Referring to Jawahar Lal Nehru’s vision of creating world class capabilities in atomic energy and space science, Dr. Singh said that it was these strengths that brought about the IT revolution and made India a global player. â€Å"I am convinced that solar energy can be the next scientific and industrial frontier in India after atomic energy, space and IT. † India Plans 20 m Solar Lights by 2022 As per Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy’s statement made on January 11, 2010, India plans to install 20 million solar lights and 20 million square metres of solar panels to generate 20,000 MW by 2022 as part of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission. â€Å"By 2022, we aim to install 20 million square metres of solar thermal collectors and save 7,500 MW power generation capacity,† the Minister said at the launch of the mission in New Delhi, adding â€Å"We want 20 million solar lights to be installed by 2022, which would result in a saving of one billion litres of kerosene oil every year. ? ? ? The solar lights will help to save one billion litres of kerosene every year In the next three years, India plans to add 1,300 MW of solar power High cost is a major constraint Ambitious Target Though the mission’s target of 20,000 MW was ambitious, it was achievable. The various ministries and authorities would have to work in close coordination to make it a s uccess. The Prime Minister hoped that the mission would also establish India as a global leader in solar energy, not just in power generation but in manufacturing and technology. Confucianism And Taoism EssayThis is a crucial step in the development of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III (GSLVMk-III) which will put a satellite weighing four tonnes in orbit. N. Narayan Moorthy, Project Director, GSLV-Mk-III, called the test a big success. According to Mr. Moorthy nearly 600 parameters were monitored. During the test, the motor produced a peak thrust of 500 tonne. Third Biggest Rocket Motor It is the third biggest solid motor in the world after the booster rocket of NASA’s, space shuttle and that of Arianespace’s Ariane-5 launch vehicle. It is 22 metre long and 3 ·2 metre in diameter. According to an ISRO press release, the design, development and successful realisation of the motor was entirely an indigenous effort of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) Thiruvananthapuram and the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in collaboration with public and private sector industries. The preparation and casting was done at the newly built Solid Propellant Plant at Sriharikota. Support for India’s UNSC Bid In a shift from its earlier position, Malaysia has conveyed its support for India’s bid for permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council. Sources said that the visiting Malaysian Prime Minister communicated this to the Indian leadership. Malaysia was earlier a member of the group which was opposed to India’s bid for a permanent seat at the UNSC. The group known as Uniting for Consensus, is referred to as the Coffee Club. It has Pakistan, South Korea, Italy, Argentina, Costa Rica, Malta, Mexico, Spain and Turkey as members. Conclusion of CECA In his interaction with the Indian Prime Minister Mr. Razak stressed the need to conclude the Malaysia-India CECA (Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement) by the end of the year. Speaking to Indian journalists Mr. Razak said that ASEAN + 3 (including China, Japan and Korea), ASEAN + India and ASEAN + Middle East were three strategic areas going into the multi-polar world of the 21st century. The Indo-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement was signed last year and trade between India and Malaysia was growing at ‘breakneck speed’, but Mr. Razak stressed, a Malaysian-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA), scheduled to be signed by the end of the year, would help the two countries achieve the true potential of the relationship. According to him, the high level delegation led by him had also discussed various agreements that would foster close ties with India in higher education, infrastructure, bio sciences and other sectors. ISRO’s Most Powerful Rocket Motor Tested Successfully Design, Development, an Entirely Indigenous Effort ? ? ? S-200 powered by 200 tonnes of solid propellants Produced a peak thrust of 500 tonnes and performed exactly as predicted It is the third biggest solid rocket motor in the world after NASA’s and Arianespace’s. He who knows only his own side of the case, knows little of that. † PD/March/2010/1553 V. Srinivasan is the Project Director of the S-200 programme. Two GSLV Mk-III which is at an advanced stage of development will weigh 630 tonne and will be 43 ·5 metre tall. The ground test of its L-110 liquid motor, fuelled by 110 tonnes of liquid propellants will take place in February at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre at Mahendragiri, near Nagercoil in Tamil Nadu. The GSLV-Mk-III is expected to lift off from Sriharikota by the end of 2011. Nation Celebrates its 61st Republic Day A strong and resurgent India celebrated its 61st Republic day with all fanfare and gaiety. This year’s parade highlighted the nation’s achievements in various fields, the military prowess, scintillating display of air power as also the country’s rich and cultural heritage. The highlight of this year’s parade was the MBT Arjun (tank), Smirch multiple Launch Rocket system, Armoured Engineer Recce Vehicle, Sarvatra Bridge, Electronic warfare system. Also on view were the indigenous systems being developed by the DRDO including the Light Combat Aircraft Tejas, Agni-III Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile, Shourya surface-to-surface Strategic Missile and the Rohini Radar. In the year of the Commonwealth Games being hosted by India, a bevy of sports persons were the star attractions of the parade accompanying the tableau of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. The Parade commenced at the Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate where the Prime Minister led the nation in paying homage to the martyrs by laying wreath. As per tradition, after the National Flag was unfurled, President Smt. Pratibha Devi Singh Patil conferred the gallantry award Ashok Chakra on the military persons for their acts of exceptional bravery. The President took the salute of the parade. This year’s Chief Guest in the parade was Mr. Lee Myung-bak, President of the Republic of Korea. The marching contingents of the Army included, among others’ the Brigade of the Guards, Madras Regiment, Jat Regiment. The marching contingent of the Navy comprised 144 men led by Lt. Commander Ajay Verma and the Air Force contingent comprising 148 was led by Sqd. Ldr. R. Katoch. The marching contingents of paramilitary and other auxiliary civil forces included contingents from the Border Security Force, Assam Rifles, Coast Guard, Central Reserve Police Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Central Industrial Security Force, Sashastra Seema Bal, Railway Protection Force, Delhi Police, National Cadet Corps and National Service Scheme. The Camel-mounted band of the BSF was another attraction. Tableaux from some states and Central Ministries and Departments presented the varied historical, architectural and cultural heritage of the country. They also showcased the country’s progress in various fields. In the children’s section, hundreds of boys and girls from the local educational institutions and regional cultural zones presented dances and other programmes. The grand finale of the parade was a spectacular flypast by the IAF, with the AWACS participating in the parade for the first time. India, South Korea Cooperation Touching New Horizons India’s bid to forge strong trade ties with the countries of the ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) in the background of its Look East Policy is best exemplified in its growing cooperation with Malaysia and South Korea. While Malaysia is funding several projects in India and India and Malaysia have put economic cooperation on a new pedestal, South Korea too is steadly becoming India’s close partner. It came to be evidenced on Lee Myung-bak Jan. 25, 2010 when the two countries S. Korea President resolved to enhance bilateral ties to the level of strategic partnership by extending their relationship to the nuclear sector and developing closer security and defence ties. Pacts Signed The two countries signed four pacts in the presence of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and the visiting South Korean President Lee Myung-bak. In the nuclear field they also agreed to facilitate development of a framework for civil nuclear cooperation. South Korea is the third largest invester in India and among the few countries with which a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) has been signed. It is also a member of the ASEAN plus three format with whom India wants to forge closer political and economic ties. India and South Korea set a $ 30 billion target for bilateral trade by 2014. The two leaders welcomed the signing of the pact on cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space between the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) and hoped that the MoU will facilitate strong cooperation between the two countries in this important sector. India expressed its commitment to developing a robust and comprehensive framework for strategic engagement with Korea, the Indian PM said. South Korean President Lee Myung-bak was the chief guest of honour at India’s Republic Parade on Jan. 6, 2010. PD/March/2010/1554 â€Å"Kind words can be short and easy to speak, but their echoes are truly endless. † President’s Message to the Nation Earlier on the eve of the Republic Day, the President in her message reflected the common citizen’s worries on two counts : the unyielding price situation and challenges to internal security. She also touched upon climate change, underlining the use of energy effic ient technologies and renewable sources of energy to reduce the carbon footprint. ? ? ? ? Called for second green revolution Involve agricultural economy more pro-actively in growth process Stress on ‘environment of security’ for optimal attainment of growth Take growth patterns to the bottom of the pyramid, the poor and the disadvantaged. As the fourth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity, India was on target for achieving a double digit growth rate, the President pointed out. While policies that promoted growth must continue, it was important to take growth patterns to the bottom of the pyramid empowering the poor and the disadvantaged. Ms. Patil laid stress on an environment of security for the optimal attainment of growth, referring to Home Ministry’s moves towards a new security architecture. The President said that the government was committed to maintaining high vigil and taking appropriate measures to address internal security challenges. The President linked the challenge of climate change to India’s civilizational respect for nature and called for Indians to become ‘sensitive inhabitants of the planet’. The President called for urgent steps towards a second green revolution to ensure food availability, particularly of agricultural produce. Ms. Patil advocated more intense frameworks encompassing new technologies, better seeds, improved farming practices and better water management techniques for closing the gap among the farmers, the scientific community, lending institutions and the markets. She said that higher agricultural incomes would improve the living standards of over 145 million rural households which in turn will generate demand and provide the impetus for growth in other sectors. News in a Nutshell INTACH, Mongolia Sign MoU Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) Chairman S. K. Misra and Mongolia’s Culture and Science Education Minister Yo Otgonbayar signed a memorandum of understanding in New Delhi on January 11, 2010 for cooperation in protection, preservation, proP. Darpan motion and management of cultural heritage PD/March/2010/1555 â€Å"He who knows only his own side of the case, knows little of that. † Panel Formed to Push Nepal Peace Process After prolonged stalemate, the major political parties of Nepal on January 8, 2010 decided to form a high level ‘mechanism’—a three member panel. It would focus on speeding up the peace process and writing the new Constitution of Nepal. The panel is headed by Nepali Congress President Girija Prasad Koirala Maoist Chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal ‘Prachanda’, and CPN-UML Chairman Jhalanath Khanal are the current members. Mr. Prachanda said that the group would work on â€Å"ending of the peace process logically, writing of the Constitution in the stipulated time (May 2010) and to end the present political stalemate†. The differences between his party and the major ruling parties—the Nepali Congress and the CPN-UML— had been growing as the three could not forge a consensus on the issue of restoring ‘civilian supremacy’ by rectifying President Ram Baran Yadav’s move in May by which he had reinstated the military chief sacked by the then Prime Minister Mr. Prachanda. With the formation of the mechanism, Mr. Jhalanath Khanal hoped that the mistrust among the parties would be removed. It may be recalled that with the deposition of the former Nepalese Monarch, Nepal had been declared a federal democratic republic and the need arose for a new republican Constitution. The Parliament had fixed May 2010 as the deadline for writing the new Constitution for Nepal. 17th January vote, the first time the right has wrested power from the centre left since General Augusto Pinochet’s 1973-90 dictatorship ended, signalling that Chile was moving on from the former strong man’s bloody legacy. Chile is bounded in the north by Peru, east by Bolivia and Argentina, and south and west by the Pacific Ocean. The area is 756,096 sq km (291,928 sq mile) excluding the claimed Antarctic territory. Many islands to the west and south belong to Chile : the Islas Jaun Fernandez (147 sq km with 488 inhabitants in 1992) lie about 600 km west of Valparaiso, and the volcanic Isla de Pascua (Easter Island or Rapa Nui, 164 sq km with 2,764 inhabitants in 1992), lies about 3,000 km westnorth-west of Valparaiso. Small uninhabited dependencies include Sala y Gomez (400 km east of Easter Is), San Felix and San Ambrosio (1,000 km north-west of Valparaiso, and 20 km apart and Islas Diego Ramierz (100 km south-west of Cape Horn). New Presidential Election in Chile : Left Makes Way for Right Leftist winds in Latin America were stopped when Chile voted to power a person with rightist leanings. Billionaire Sebastian Pinera was elected Chile’s President on January 17, 2010 in a political shift to the right after 20 years of leftist rule. Mr. Pinera said that he would try to build on policies that made the economy of Latin America most stable. Celebrating Victory : Sebastian Pinera In 1940 Chile declared and in each subsequent year has reaffirmed, its ownership of the sector of the Antarctic lying between 53 ° and 90 ° W. ong. , and asserted that the British claim to the sector between the meridians 20 ° and 80 ° W. long. overlapped the Chilean by 27 °. Seven Chilean bases exist in Antarctica. A law of 1955 put the governor of Magallanes in charge of the ‘Chilean Antarctic Territory which has an area of 1,250,000 sq km and a population (1992) of 1, 945. The population at the census of April 2002 was 15,116,435 (7,668,740 females); density, 20 per sq km 86 ·2% of the population lived in urban areas in 2002. The UN gives a projected population for 2010 of 17 ·11 m. Mr. Pinera won and his wife Cecilia Morel in Santiago almost 52 per cent of on January 18. Mr. Pinera’s victory over ex-President Eduardo Frei of the ruling leftist coalition marks a shift to the right in South America, a region dominated by leftist rules from Venezuela to Brazil. The Harvard-educated airline magnate takes office in March, 2010. Mr. Pinera (60) has vowed to give Chile’s state a businesslike overhaul to boost efficiency, promising to create a million jobs and boost economic growth to average 6 per cent a year. The economy shrank in 2009, its first recession in a decade. PD/March/2010/1556 â€Å"I have often regretted my speech, never my silence. † According to critics, Mr. Pinera’s plan depends too heavily on the private sector generating jobs and banks on a steady global recovery maintaining copper demand. It may be mentioned that Chile is one of the largest producers of copper. Given his ideological leanings Mr. Pinera could push reforms through a divided congress and has promised to form a national unity government. â€Å"The problems we face in the future are great, the obstacles we face are very challenging and we need unity now more than ever,† said Mr. Pinera on January 17, after his being elected President. â€Å"We will form a government of national unity which will build bridges of understanding and punch down walls of division† he added. with Russians as their last hope for justice. Russian applications account for almost a third of more than 1,20,000 cases pending in the court. It has passed hundreds of rulings against the Russian government, finding officials guilty of corruption, torture and other misconduct. SAARC International University takes Shape in Delhi In a bid to reverse brain drain, provide an academic opportunity in the sub-continent and to promote a sense of South Asian Community, a plan first mooted in 2005 is finally and quickly taking shape in the form of the first truly international university being set up by the eight nations of the SAARC (South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation). Comment It is interesting to note that while a host of Latin American countries are shifting towards the left, Chile heralds itself as a new centrist rightist, which has become clear with the election of the rightist Mr. Pinera. Venezuela, Equador, Bolivia, Argentina in South America are explicitly moving to the left, the communist ideology, with new friendships made by these countries with Russia and the communist China. Chile too for long 20 years remained practically under leftist rule and enjoyed good bonhomie with the leftist countries referred to above. With the ascension of a rightist government to power, how its foreign policy will take shape will be a subject of interest in the near future. Will it incline towards the capitalist west or the communist east particularly Russia and China ? SAARC nations have come up with a unique education idea. The eight SAARC nations are : India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Afghanistan. Key Features Tax-free dollar salaries for an international faculty, a variety of multi-disciplinary courses focussed on research, a multi-national exam for admission, an academic environment free of commissions, and a think tank to ponder over the shared problems of the sub-condinent—these will be the key features of the South Asian University (SAU) being set up by the SAARC nations. The university, headed by former JNU ViceChancellor Prof. G. K. Chada, who is fortunate to have been once a student of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, will start operating between August 2010 and January 2011, offering post graduate courses in economics, computer applications and biotechnology. The faculty will be recruited largely from SAARC countries, but the SAU has kept options of looking beyond open. Prof. Rajiv Saxena OSD, Academics and Planning SAU told the Press : â€Å"We hope to start the MCA and M. A. Economics Courses in August itself, followed by M. Sc. Biotechnology in the next semester. We will start the first two courses with some 10-15 teachers, but will expand the faculty to 500 members by 2014. † Keen to ensure the best join, sub-continent partner nations are ready to pay the faculty nearly double what they normally get in India, in dollars tax free. Rules and regulations presently under discussion are likely to get a go-ahead in a key meeting of SAARC representatives in March 2010, paving the way for admissions and faculty selections. Curricula for the M. A. Economics, MCA and M. Sc. Biotechnology courses are ready. The SAU will take in some 50 students for the first semester, the strength will increase as courses in the humanities and sciences, and the proposed law, medicine, management and engineering begin, said the OSD official of the SAU. Russia Ratifies European Rights Convention Russia has lifted its opposition to a long–delayed reform of the European Court of Human Rights in a major gesture towards the west and a step to improve the Russian legal system. The Russian Parliament’s Lower House, State Duma, on January 15 overwhelmingly ratified Protocol 14 of the European Human Rights Convention which will allow the Court to process submitted cases more efficiently and help eliminate a massive backlog of cases in the Court. Russian legislators said that they endorsed the protocol after the Council of Europe agreed to address their complaints, including a demand that Russian judges be involved in reviewing complaints against Russia. Sign of Warming Relations But the vote of January 15 is also a sign of warming relations between Russia and Europe that soured after the 2008 war between Russia and Georgia. The vote came after President Dmitry Medvedev asked the Russian Parliament to take a fresh look at ratifying the protocol. Russia was the only country in the 47-member Council of Europe that had refused to endorse the reform of Strasbourg Court for the past three years. The ratification of the protocol is in line with Mr. Medvedev’s efforts to improve the Russian legal system. The Strasbourg Court has become increasingly popular PD/March/2010/1557 The only weapon that becomes sharper with constant use is the tongue. † Common Admission Test A common admission test will be given to applicants in all eight SAARC nations. To ensure a fair representation, no more than 50 per cent of students will be from India. Every SAARC country will have at least 4 per cent of students at the SAU. The proposed university will also set up a thin k tank, the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), to discuss and research key regional issues and shared regional problems such as disaster management, water-sharing, cross-border epidemics, climate change and preservation of cultural heritage. Prof. Chada, the CEO, is being assisted by two OSDs and four task forces—On Academics, Governance and Legal Structure, Business Plan and Infrastructure. The persons on the task forces include experts like Prof. Rehman from Dhaka’s University of Liberal Arts, Syed Imtiaz Hussain Gilani, V. C. NWFP University of Engineering Technology, Peshawar, Dr. Yubraj Sangroula, Founder Director, Kathmandu School of Law, Prof. SBS Abayakoon, Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Member UGC, Sri Lanka, Prof. AGK Menon, Advisor, Delhi Urban Arts Commission, and Prof. Pema Thinley, V. C. Royal University of Bhutan. At present, the SAU is operating out of the old JNU Campus. It w

The Major Subfields of Anthropology

Table of Contents Introduction Biological or Physical Anthropology Socio-Cultural Anthropology Archeology Linguistic Anthropology Conclusion Reference Introduction Anthropology refers to a branch of science that deals with the study of origin of humankind, its biological characteristics, certain beliefs, and social customs as well as humans’ physical and cultural development. As a matter of fact, anthropology is the study of the past and present of our humankind (Kottak, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Subfields of Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are four major subfields of anthropology, which are biological or physical anthropology, socio-cultural anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology. This essay, therefore, discusses these four major subfields of anthropology in details and in terms of their subject matter. Biological or Physical Anthropology It i s a branch of anthropology that deals with the physical and biological development of human species. The adaptation of human beings in the diverse nature of environments in different regions is one of the most significant fields in this branch of anthropology. Biological or physical anthropology is, therefore, concerned with the processes human beings adapted to the environment they lived in as well as their behavior development and growth parameters (Kottak, 2010). There are several sub branches of physical and biological anthropology which deal with these studies. To begin with, paleoanthropologist touches the study of the origin of humankind, while anthropometrics studies and examines the measurements of the human body. Human genetic is relatively the latest sub branch in biological or physical anthropology which deals with the study of the molecular nature of human beings (Kottak, 2010). The study of other primates is also covered in this branch of anthropology and commonly refe rred to as primatology. It provides a comparative knowledge of physiology, anatomy, and histology of human beings and other closely related primates, in order to check the relationship between humans and other primates (Kottak, 2010). Socio-Cultural Anthropology This branch of anthropology called socio-cultural anthropology is the study of the culture variations in human communities all over the world (Kottak, 2010). This subfield is related to the collection of data from the human communities and exploring the impact of political and economic processes on their local cultures. A great variety of methods are used in collection of the data in this field of anthropology. Some of the common data collection methods include interviews, surveys, and participant observation. As a result, anthropologists in this subfield often spend much of their time in different communities during a research process.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the complexity of civilization and culture, all the relevant information related to these two issues must be taken into consideration in every data collection process. After the collection of data from the society is finished, it is then analyzed. Usually, the examination and exploitation of data focus on finding the similarities and differences that exist between different communities (Kottak, 2010). The main emphases of these similarities include class, gender, sexuality, race, and nationality, among others. Therefore, the socio-cultural research in this branch of anthropology centers on participant observation. This observation is basically focused on the first-hand information or data. As such, the researcher who wants to obtain relevant information must become a part of the situation or the community and get the necessary experience (Kottak, 2010). Some of the topics or areas of this field of anthropology include health, work , ecology, and environment, education, agriculture and development as well as the social changes in community or society. Archeology Archeology studies human society through extensive analysis of environmental and cultural data from the past. The information is primarily obtained from the architectural works and artifacts of the past created by earlier primitive or ancient societies. Some of the data or evidences used include animal bones, stone tools, pottery, and remains of other architectural works and buildings. Since anthropology is majorly based on the comparative study of human beings in different fields of life, archeology studies establish the relationship between the concept and practices of the present and the past (Kottak, 2010). Researches and studies in this field of anthropology indicate that the progress in the culture and tradition of society have ultimate impact on previous history and progress in human life. Linguistic Anthropology This branch of anthropology deal s with the relationships between different human languages and their influence on human social life (Kottak, 2010). Linguistic anthropology also concentrates on the efforts that have been done in order to document endangered languages. Languages play an important role in the development of social identity in human history. As such, this field shows many ways to identify the real potential of languages in the development of a society. Other areas of interest that fall under this category include the investigation of social identities, ideologies, socialization, and social space (Kottak, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Subfields of Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion To sum everything up, it is worth noting that anthropology, therefore, covers a wide range of humanity issues. In a nutshell, the different subfields under anthropology help us in finding the answer to some big qu estions about the origin of humankind, its biological characteristics, beliefs, and social customs. Anthropology, therefore, enhances our understanding of different culture traditions at the grass root level. Reference Kottak, C. P. (2010). Cultural Anthropology. Boston: McGraw Hill This essay on The Major Subfields of Anthropology was written and submitted by user Firebrand to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 Fascinating Facts About Spiders

10 Fascinating Facts About Spiders Spiders: some people love them, some people hate them. Regardless of if youre an arachnophile or an arachnophobe, youll find these 10 facts about spiders fascinating. 1. Spider Bodies Have Two Parts: A Cephalothorax and an Abdomen All spiders, from tarantulas to jumping spiders, share this common trait. The simple eyes, fangs, palps, and legs are all found on the anterior body region, called the cephalothorax. The spinnerets reside on the posterior region, called the abdomen. The unsegmented abdomen attaches to the cephalothorax by means of a narrow pedicel, giving the spider the appearance of having a waist. 2. With the Exception of One Family, All Spiders Are Venomous Spiders use venom to subdue their prey. The venom glands reside near the chelicerae, or fangs, and are connected to the fangs by ducts. When a spider bites its prey, muscles around the venom glands contract, pushing venom through the fangs and into the animal. Most spider venom paralyzes the prey. The spider family Uloboridae is the only known  exception to this rule. Its members do not possess venom glands. 3. All Spiders Are Predators Spiders hunt and capture prey. The majority feed on other insects and other invertebrates, but some of the largest spiders may prey on vertebrates such as birds. The true spiders of the order Araneae comprise the largest group of carnivorous animals on Earth. 4. Spiders Can't Digest Solid Foods Before a spider can eat its prey, it must turn the meal into a liquid form. The spider exudes digestive enzymes from its sucking stomach onto the victims body. Once the enzymes break down the tissues of the prey, it sucks up the liquefied remains, along with the digestive enzymes. The meal then passes to the spiders midgut, where nutrient absorption occurs. 5. All Spiders Produce Silk Not only can all spiders make silk, but they can do so throughout their life cycles. Spiders use silk for many purposes: to capture prey, to protect their offspring, to assist them as they move, for shelter, and to reproduce (more on that in a moment). Not all spiders use silk the same way. 6. Not All Spiders Spin Webs Most people associate spiders with webs, but some spiders dont construct webs at all. Wolf spiders, for example, stalk and overtake their prey, without the aid of a web. Jumping spiders, which have remarkably good eyesight and move quickly, have no need for webs, either. They simply pounce on their prey! 7. Male Spiders Use Modified Appendages Called Pedipalps to Mate Spiders reproduce sexually, but males use an unusual method to transfer their sperm to a mate. The male first prepares a silk bed or web, onto which he deposits sperm. He then draws the sperm into his pedipalps, a pair of appendages near his mouth, and stores the semen in a sperm duct. Once he finds a mate, he inserts his pedipalp into her genital opening and releases his sperm. 8. Males Risk Being Eaten by Their Female Mates Females are typically larger than their male counterparts. A hungry female may consume any invertebrate that comes along, including her suitors. Male spiders sometimes  use courtship rituals to identify themselves as mates and not meals. Jumping spiders, for example, perform elaborate dances from a safe distance and wait for the females approval before approaching. Male orb weavers (and other web-building species) position themselves on the outer edge of the females web, and gently pluck a thread to transmit a vibration. They wait for a sign that the female is receptive before venturing closer. 9. Spiders Use Silk to Protect Their Eggs Female spiders deposit their eggs on a bed of silk, which they prepare just after mating. Once a female produces the eggs, she covers them with more silk. Egg sacs vary greatly, depending on the type of spider. Cobweb spiders make thick, watertight egg sacs, while cellar spiders use a minimum of silk to encase their eggs. Some spiders produce silk that mimics the texture and color of the substrate on which the eggs are laid, effectively camouflaging the offspring. 10. Spiders Don't Move by Muscle Alone Spiders rely on a combination of muscle and hemolymph (blood) pressure to move their legs. Some joints in spider legs lack extensor muscles entirely. By contracting muscles in the cephalothorax, a spider can increase the hemolymph pressure in the legs, and effectively extend their legs at these joints. Jumping spiders jump using a sudden increase in hemolymph pressure that snaps the legs out and launches them into the air.

A Rose Growing From The Concrete

A Rose Growing From The Concrete Free Online Research Papers I always told myself I was going to be something in life no matter how many obstacles came my way. Some people asked me where I get my strength, I say I get my strength from within always having a hunger to succeed. I broke through the lies I told myself that I will never overcome my situation. I also believe that I get my strength from my nieces because they look up to me and I want be a good example. So when they plan for college I will be right there guiding them, telling them to never give up and keep trying. Being one of the first in my family to seek higher education at a four year University is very exciting for me because I know I’m planning for my future. At an early age I had to adapt to being placed in different homes and different schools. This made my grades shift a lot from good, to average, and sometimes below average. I never had a chance to build relationships with friends or my biological parents. My biological parents weren’t in my life because they weren’t mentally or financially stable to take care of me. So I had to live with different family members that could take care of me so I wouldn’t be placed in foster care. Currently, I attend an AP Psychology course, I mime dance at my church, played tennis in the spring, intern for Motivos magazine, attend S.T.A.R (students talking about relationships), Im on the schools year book committee, and will be on the track team after Thanks giving break. Yes I am very active, I like doing new things and doing well at them. The major I plan on looking into is Psychology. I choose Psychology because I love interacting with people, always being a listener, and giving good advice from my own experiences. I’m a creative, enthusiastic, and a goal oriented person that sees a future full of greatness ahead of me. I also am a fluent reader and writer specifically poetry. I can say that I’m not a product of my environment because my goals are higher then what’s expected. Overall, my life has taught me to never let someone determine who I am or who I want to be. I can also say that I’m truly a rose growing from the concrete because even though my life experiences have been hard I still grow and persevere. So I leave you with poem: A Rose Growing From The Concrete I see me growing stronger through all the trials I face I see a bright future ahead of me even though my petals fall I grow erupting beauty from where I’m from busting out of my generational curse becoming someone that will someday make a difference Research Papers on A Rose Growing From The ConcreteStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Economic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economic - Research Paper Example In this paper, we will look at the inflation of house prices in the United Kingdom and the variations in price from 2006 to 2012 as documented at http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/House_prices.html). According to the above mentioned website, inflation is the overall rise in price levels of goods in the economy over a period of time. The inflation of house prices has consequently reflected erosion in the money purchasing power. The website indicates that housing prices exhibit features such as rising price average in the long run, medium term volatility, dramatic price crashes and bubbles, and considerable price variations in different UK regions. The prices of houses has inflated from 2006 to 2012, for example, the house prices were as follows; 185.1K, 205.3K, 218K, 195K, 207.5K, 216.1K, 229.1K in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 respectively. The house prices crushed in the earlier years and recently between 2007 and 2009. The website has also detailed some of the reasons for this inflation as high demands and low supply of houses (http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/House_prices.html) According to the website, the crushing prices can be solved through increasing the supply and regulating demands which are the major causes of the inflationary prices. In order to increase the supply, the following are adopted: subsidies to private house constructors, public house building, relax house regulations, and tax and grant concessions. Demand on the other hand may be regulated through; altering deposit requirements, altering interest rates, and encouraging variations in mortgage

Pros and Cons of the U.S. Governments Recent Passage of Affordable Essay

Pros and Cons of the U.S. Governments Recent Passage of Affordable Health Care Act - Essay Example The working Americans will pay more: Most of the middle-class Americans work full-time jobs and receive health insurance through their employers. The healthcare cost that existed before the Affordable Care Act became law and this law made the employers re-evaluate the insurance policies they offered (Skousen n.p.). As the employers tried to reduce the cost of providing coverage for the employees, the employed Americans paid more for their work-based health insurance while the citizens with high-cost work base insurance saw their benefits decline to avoid the taxes that will be incurred in the beginning of 2018. Some of the coverage is against the moral values of the employers: The law stated that contraception was to be offered free of charge to patients. This law caused a lot of issues especially for employers whose moral rules state that they don’t support any kind of contraception. This brought about a lot of lawsuits because the Americans are allowed to have freedom of rel igion; for some, the health issue was against their religious beliefs (Skousen n.p.). Adding additional health care expenses will impact workers: The employers were against the Affordable Care Act because they were already offering health care insurance to their employees. With the introduction of Obama Care, they felt that there was going to be another increase due to the law. In some cases, there was an increase in the amount employees pay for the health insurance to offset the high premiums from insurance companies. America is already very far in debt: As a country, America is facing big debt. With the additional Government program, this only causes more debts. The Affordable Care Act has had the potential to save money, but since it is over their budget, it will cost the taxpayer more money.

SLP 2 TUX 101 INFORMATION LITERACY AND ACADEMIC INTEGRITY Essay

SLP 2 TUX 101 INFORMATION LITERACY AND ACADEMIC INTEGRITY - Essay Example Unfortunately, owing to the dynamics in the contemporary society where both parents need to work in an effort to support each other in providing the demands of the family, there is limited time that parents spend with their children. Establishment of a balance amid work-family life becomes a difficult undertaking for many parents as most tend to focus on one and in most cases the work side. Caring for children and ensuring that all their demands are met, in most cases becomes the duty of the house helps, baby care centers and teachers (Gottschalg & Meier, 2005). The limited time that parents spent with their children exposes them to stress, and many develop depressive symptoms, which worsen the situation, as these parents increase the gap amid them and their children. Conversely, this is not the case for good parents, who have the capacity to balance their work and family life, and thereby manage to deal with the probable stress that emanates from the same. These parents engage with their children in all aspects, and regardless of being busy at work, they ensure that they learn how their children spent their day and whether they have completed their school work. These parents are always in close contact with teachers; house helps and baby care centers caregivers as they attempt to learn and comprehend the developments that their children are making. Another strategy that good parents adopt in order to eradicate stress and the development of depressive symptoms is by creating time to have fun with their children and spouses. Family outings help relieve stress and strengthen the bond amid parents and children are they interact from a friendly point of view, meaning children managed to express themselves easily, present their concerns and offer comm ents and insights on areas they believe need consideration, either at home or in school (Gottschalg &

Impact of Air Power Theory in WW2

Impact of Air Power Theory in WW2 Did â€Å"air power theory† do more harm than good before the outbreak of â€Å"and during† the Second World War? This essay will examine the meaning and impact of â€Å"air power theory†, a theory which took shape after World War One, which predicted that air power would be the single most important factor in the outcome of future wars. We will briefly examine the impact this theory had on the interwar Military planning and strategies of the major powers, as well as the influence of air power theory during the Second World War itself. The first part of our essay looks at what â€Å"air power theory† is, we shall look at the two major air power theorists, Giulio Douhet[1] and Billy Mitchell[2] and examine the differences and similarities between the two. Secondly we shall examine the negative impact of the â€Å"air power theory†, both in its implementation by the US and Britain and the shortcomings of the theory as demonstrated during the Second World War. The third part is concerned with the successful implementation of air power theory by the US and Britain before and dur ing the Second World War which led to positive military outcomes for the respective nations during the War. Finally we will attempt to conclude on whether the overall impact of â€Å"air power theory† during this time period can be judged positively or negatively. The most famous of the air power theorists, General Giulio Douhet was a passionate advocate on the fundamental importance and potentially revolutionary application of air power, specifically strategic bombing, as the most important means to win future wars. Douhet served with the Italian armed forces in Libya during the Italy – Turkey war of 1911 and during World War One, during which time aircraft were being used for the first time in military engagements. In 1921 he published â€Å"The Command of the Air† , arguably one of the most important works in air power theory and a endorsement of the power of precision bombing to win quick, decisive but devastating future wars. â€Å"I have maintained, and continue to do so, that in the wars to come the decisive field of action will be the aerial field†[3] It is not necessary to go into complex detail regarding Douhet’s theories of war, as we may summarise them into five key points. Firstly Douhet stated that modern and future warfare would give no distinction between civilian and combatant, that the previously taboo targeting of civilians and civilian infrastructure would be a thing of the past. Secondly, Douhet believed, no doubt influenced by his experiences from the First World War, that a quick, decisive victory using purely ground forces was no longer possible. Thirdly, that there was at the time, and most importantly for Douhet, would never be an effective anti aircraft measure that could prevent heavy strategic bombing from destroying its target. â€Å"Consequently I say, no aerial defence, because it is practically useless†[4] . Following on from this point, and arguably the most controversial in terms of the suffering it was seen to have led to, Douhet stated that the only way to defend against an enemy strategic bombing and to ultimately win a war was to launch a massive bombing campaign that would devastate the target’s government, industrial infrastructure and ability to make war, as well as so demoralising the enemy population that the shattered civilian population would force their Government to sue for peace or surrender unconditionally. Finally, and sharing a similar viewpoint with Mitchell, [5] there was a need for a nation’s air force to be completely independent of both the army and navy, and to constantly maintain a state of readiness in the event of needing to deal the knockout blow to the enemy. [6] Although borrowing many of his ideas from Douhet and others, American General Billy Mitchell did combine many air power theories at the time to create a structured, well thought air power theory which some might argue was more comprehensive and realistic than the ideas of Douhet.[7] Like Douhet, Mitchell wanted a centralised, independent air force, but unlike Douhet Mitchell wanted a centralised structure for all types of airpower, each given equal importance, whereas Douhet was concerned primarily with strategic bombers, any other type of aircraft was for him possibly useful but certainly secondary to the importance of the bombers. Mitchell also did not share Douhet’s view of strategic bombing being impossible to defend against. Mitchell wanted equal resources dedicated to both offensive and defensive air capabilities, and envisioned a wider role for ground attack and fighter aircraft that could be used as bomber escorts.[8] What both theories have in common however is their firm belief that air power would be absolutely vital, indeed the most important factor, in any future wars. Both men died before seeing that in the awful carnage of the Second World War, their theories were far from entirely accurate. When looking at the use of air power in the Second World War, it is clear that air power, in particular strategic bombing, did not make land and navy forces obsolete, and that both Douhet and Mitchell had both overestimated the destructive and defensive capabilities of strategic bomber aircraft. â€Å"Successful warfare still depended upon the movement of armies to occupy land, and the movement of ships to provide supplies and men,†[9] Although it played an important role throughout the War, the majority of fighting in Europe, in particular on the Eastern front was done with conventional land armies. Douhet had predicted that Britain’s mighty navy would be useless against a co-ordinated air assault, yet the British navy and merchant fleet was the lifeline supported the war effort with supplies from America and beyond. And certainly Douhet’s assertion that land forces were no longer capable of achieving quick, decisive victories does not stand up when looking at t he German Blitzkrieg campaigns between 1939-1941. In the 1930s Britain had slashed military spending, partly as a result of having to support the mass of unemployed during the great depression and partly due to an increasing anti war feeling in some parts of British Society. The exception to this was spending on Bomber Command, the part of the RAF responsible for strategic bombing. Strategic bombing offered a solution to the horrors of the First World War’s trench warfare, a decisive, relatively humane way in which to fight and end a war. Before the beginning of the war the emphasis was fortunately shifted to air defence, investing in innovations such as radar and fighter interceptors to shoot down German bombers. Following through with Douhet’s theories, as Bomber Command wished to, could have been a disaster for the defence of the British Isles, leaving them literally defenceless in the face of the Luftwaffe. [10] Both the USAF and Bomber Command continued throughout the war, as well the interwar period, to seriously miscalculate both the destructive capabilities and accuracy of strategic bombing. Technology had not solved the problems that both Douhet and Mitchell had overlooked in their theories, which failed to seriously take into account weather conditions, inaccurate targeting of enemy targets, as well as being able to ascertain which type of industrial targets would cause the most damage to the enemy’s war making capabilities. Air power theory also seriously overestimated the ease to which Bombers could make their targets without being shot down. Even after Bombers were given fighter escorts, the losses to Bomber crews were horrific. â€Å"The night bombing offensive against German cities and transportation targets between 3 September 1943 and 2 September 1944 cost the command 17,479 flying personnel killed in action or dead of wounds†[11] When considering the harm inflicted by air power theories, undoubtedly we cannot ignore the huge loss of civilian life lost in strategic bombing raids, committed by German, British and American Bomber crews against civilian targets during the Second World War. It is estimated that more German civilians were killed by allied bombing, than the combined casualty rate of British servicemen during the war, a staggering 543,000 dead.[12] At the heart of this bombing campaign against civilians was one of the most important aspects of air power theory. The theory that a targeted bombing campaign designed to kill civilians and spread terror amongst a population that would then force its Government to capitulate. The theory was fatally flawed against a totalitarian regime where citizens knew that talk of surrender was likely to get one shot. The campaign undoubtedly affected German civilian morale, yet unlike the targeted bombing against industrial infrastructure it did not significantly affec t the Nazi war making capabilities nor convince them to consider surrender whilst Hitler was in power. [13] Despite many aspects of air power theory being flawed and causing what many consider a waste of lives and resources; I believe that the broad application of air power theory by both the British and the Americans played a serious impact in their final victory over the axis powers. Both Douhet and Mitchell believed that in order to maximise the potential of air power, a nation’s air force must be independent of both the army and navy. Williams in particular promoted the idea of a centralised, independent air command for all types of air power, equal in importance and as independent as the army and navy. Despite the near legendary status of the Luftwaffe, it was primarily meant and used as a support for the army, both in the interwar period and throughout the Second World War. The Germans had a limited air strategy, the Luftwaffe lacked complete independence and was not always given the same amount of resources as the army and navy. The British and the Americans both before and during the War placed a huge emphasis on a general air power strategy, giving the RAF and the USAF operational independence to formulate an independent strategy and the huge amount of investment, personnel and resources necessary to carry out that strategy successfully. [14] The comprehensive general air strategy that Britain possessed during the Battle of Britain, with equal emphasis on offence and defence, allowed it to resist the strategically limited Luftwaffe which from the beginning lacked the scientific air power knowledge of the better supported, more independent, RAF. When the allies went on the offensive, gaining air superiority over Europe was vital in both protecting allied land forces and speeding up the advance by inflicting serious damage on German forces of any kind. Once Germany lost control of the skies they were forced back onto the defensive, unable to effectively counter attack without sufficient air cover and with in adequate defence against air power. Although we have previously criticised the civilian bombing of German cities, strategic bombing of German industrial targets undoubtedly slowed down their ability to rebuild their forces and severely hampered the Nazi war economy. [15]Although enthusiastic advocates of air power, by not following through with the main principles of air power theory, the German war machine found itself at a distinct disadvantage against the Western allies. Once USA and Britain had gained domination of the skies, as Douhet and Mitchell had insisted was vital, it was never in doubt that the defeat of Nazi Germany was inevitable. â€Å"The influence of air power on the ability of one nation to impress its will on another in armed contest will be decisive.†[16] During the final stages of the War in the Pacific, the USAF demonstrated that one of Douhet’s most controversial theories, the use of strategic bombing to target not only military and industrial infrastructure but also civilians, could effectively bring a war to an end without the need for military conquest on land. Although the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were credited for ending the war, the conventional heavy bombing of Japan actually inflicted more casualties on Japanese civilians, and played a greater part in destroying Japan’s war making capabilities.[17] Undoubtedly the effect of heavy bombing and dropping of the atomic bombs was the single most important factor in forcing political pressure inside Japan to convince the leadership that surrender was the only option, Japan could simply not continue to fight the war.[18] The atomic bombs were the only time that the Douhet and Williams theories of the destructive potential of a short, decisive ove rwhelming bombing raid that could bring an enemy to its knees proved accurate. For many academics and observers, the strategic bombing of Japan is still considered one of the greatest crimes of the Second World War. Despite the awful suffering it caused however, I would argue that it ultimately did more good than harm, preventing a military land assault on Japan that would have cost potentially the lives of hundreds of thousands of American Soldiers and millions of Japanese citizens. Even without an invasion, conventional heavy bombing would have soon equalled then surpassed the amount killed in Nagasaki and Hiroshima in a relatively short space of time, so devastating was its effectiveness. The unconditional surrender was without doubt the best thing for both Japan and America, and it might never have happened if the atomic bombs had not been dropped. In conclusion then, I believe that ultimately, for the allies, the adoption of the broader aspects of air power theory was a positive thing. Many of what Douhet and Williams said about air power did not come true in the Second World War. It did not replace armies and navies as the pre-eminent factor in warfare. It did not lead to wars being settled in a matter of days with a short, destructive bombing campaign and their predictions of the destructive capabilities and accuracy of conventional strategic bombing, with the possible exception of Japan, were to prove ludicrously optimistic. Undoubtedly however, by adopting Mitchell’s theory of creating a centralised, independent air force that was given the necessary resources to achieve its strategic goals, the United States and Britain had a massive advantage over Nazi Germany’s more limited air strategy. This advantage allowed them to eventually gain air dominance, put the German forces on the back foot and never allow them to re-gain the initiative. Strategic bombing, although causing huge civilian casualties in both Germany and Japan, played a crucial role in crippling the German war machine, and the most important part in forcing an unconditional Japanese surrender. It is for these reasons that I believe that air power theory was overall, a positive and important body of work. Bibliography Collier, Basil – â€Å"A History of Air Power† – Wilmer Brothers (1974) DeSeversky, Alexander – â€Å"Victory Through Air Power† – New York, Simon and Schuster, (1942) Douhet, Giulio – â€Å"The Command of the Air†. – Faber and Faber (1927) Hurley, Alfred – Billy Mitchell, Crusader for Air Power – Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press, (1964). Lee, Asher – â€Å"Goering – Air Leader† Duckworth (1972) MacIsaac, David – â€Å"Voices from the central blue: The Air Power Theorists† In Paret, Peter â€Å"Makers of Modern Strategy- From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age†. – Clarendon Press – Oxford (1986) Mitchell, Billy – Winged Defence – Dover Publications (1989) Murray, Williamson – â€Å"Strategic Bombing: The British, American and German experiences. In Murray, Williamson â€Å"Military Innovation in the Interwar Period.† Cambridge University Press (1998) Overy, R.J. – â€Å"The Air War 1939 – 1945† – Europa Publications Limited (1980) Warner, Edward – â€Å"Douhet, Mitchell, Seversky: Theories of Air Warfare† in â€Å"Makers of Modern Strategy† Princeton University Press (1952) 1 Footnotes [1] Douhet, G – â€Å" (1927) [2] Mitchell, B – (1989) [3] Douhet (ibid) p.199 [4] Douhet (ibid) p.157 [5] Mitchell, (ibid) [6] Warner, E – â€Å" (1952) p.630 [7] MacIsaac, D (1986) p .631 [8] Collier, B (1974) p.93 [9] Overy, R.J (1980) p203 [10] MacIsaac, D (ibid) p.633 [11] Murray, W (1998) p.99 [12] Overy, R.J. (ibid) p.207 [13] MacIsaac, D (ibid) p.637 [14] Overy, R.J. (ibid) p.204 [15] Overy, R.J. (ibid) p208 [16] Mitchell, B (ibid) p.7 [17] Overy, R.J (ibid) p.100 [18] Overy, R.J. (ibid) p.93

Afghanistan :: essays research papers

Afghanistan BACKGROUND:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Afghanistan was subdued and occupied by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (U.S.S.R. i.e. Russia) in 1979. Subsequently in ten years, anti-communist forces provided and trained by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan assisted in the removal of the Soviet power. As the fighting resumed, a fundamentalist Islamic movement referred to as the Taliban managed to seize most of the country. Under their ascendancy, the country of Afghanistan became extremely improvished and suffered from a fallen governmental infrastructure. GEOGRAPHY:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Afghanistan is situated in southern Asia, northwest of Pakistan; east of Iran. It possesses a total land area of 647,500 sq. km. In it’s comparative aspect, Afghanistan is slightly smaller than Texas. Bordering countries such as China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan surrounds it. The land is less than 12% arable. 46% of the land consists of permanent pastures and 3% are occupied with forests and woodlands. Mostly rugged mountains and plains in the north and southwest portion of the country make up it’s terrain. Afghanistan is susceptible to natural hazards such as damaging earthquakes, floods, and droughts. This country has a seasonal climate of arid and semiarid air. They experience cold winters and hot summers. Current environmental issues involve soil degradation, overgrazing, deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials), and desertification. This country has e stablished international environment agreements to deter marine dumping and nuclear testing, in addition to the implementation of environmental modification and preservation of it’s endangered species. PEOPLE:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Afghanistan possess a population of 26,818,057 (July 2001 est.) This number consists of 42% under the age of 14, 55% classified between the ages of 15 and 64, and 3% over the age of 65. As of 2001, this country has seen a population growth rate of 3.5%, but this rate exhibits the continuous return of refugees from Iran. The life expectancy of the Afghan people is about 46 years of existence. Afghanistan occupies a multitude of ethnic cultures and groups such as Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, and Uzbek. Most people of this country adopt the religion of Islam with 84% practicing as Sunni Muslims and 15% as Shi’a Muslims. The languages of this country are in a variation of Pashtu, Afghan Persian, Turkic, and much of them in bilingualism. Illiteracy is the prevalent impediment among the Afghan people with only 31% of the population capable of reading and writing.